Biomedical Engineering

Criteria Applicable for the Acceptance of the Students to the Master's Program:

a) Bachelor's Diploma and Tests:

1) The students should have scored at least 55 standard points in the applicable score type of the program applied for, in Academic Graduate Education Entrance Exam (ALES) held by Assessment, Selection and Placement Center (ÖSYM), and should hold a bachelor’s diploma.* International GRE (Graduate Record Examinations) and GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) scores are also acceptable as replacements for ALES scores. However, such scores should meet the minimum score levels announced by the Council of Higher Education as equivalents of ALES scores. These score levels can be increased through a decision of the Board of Directors of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences.

* The following 4 groups of students are given priority in terms of applications for the Biomedical Engineering Master's Program:

1. 1st Group: Graduates of Biomedical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Food Engineering, Environment Engineering, and Bio-Engineering departments at Faculties of Engineering.
2. 2nd Group: Graduates of Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Statistics departments at the Faculties of Science.
3. 3rd Group: Graduates of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology departments at the Faculties of Education.
4. 4th Group: Graduates of Schools of Medicine, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dentistry, and Veterinary Medicine at universities.

Furthermore, the program also accepts students who hold degrees from other disciplines, which allows transition to the Biomedical Engineering Master's Program. The departments the graduates of which are admissible to the program will be specified at the beginning of each semester, with the approval of the faculty members of the department, the proposal of the department chair, and the decision of the Board of Directors of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences.

2) The students will be required to have received a score of at least 50 over a scale of 100 in the Inter-University Foreign Language Exam (UDS) or Government Personnel Foreign Language Proficiency Exam (KPDS), or the foreign language proficiency exam applied by the university; or an an equivalent score on internationally recognized TOEFL and IELTS exams, and to submit the score certificate at the time of submitting application.

b) Interviews

During the admissions process, the prospective students are evaluated through an interview. The interviews are conducted by juries. The interview juries are composed of at least three original and two substitute members proposed by the department chair from among faculty members, and approved through a decision by the board of directors of the graduate school. The procedures will be executed by the department chair and the Director of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences.

c) Evaluation

A candidate who applied for the program and who was interviewed should get at least an overall score of 55 for admission into the program. The performance of the candidate is established on the basis of her overall score. The overall score is calculated by adding 25% of the candidate’s ALES score, 50% of the GPA for the bachelor’s degree on a scale of 100, and 25% of the Foreign Language Proficiency Score (or the equivalent scores applied by the university for international foreign language proficiency exams such as TOEFL or IELTS). Candidates who received 55 or higher overall scores on a scale of 100 will then be ranked by the interview jury, on the basis of the overall score. The board of directors of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences then decides on the principal and substitute candidates admitted into the program on the basis of the quota of the program and the overall scores the candidates got.

The admission of students on full or partial scholarship, or with tuition shall be based on the principles specified in TOBB ETÜ Graduate Studies and Exams Regulation and Graduate Scholarship Students Directive.

The must and elective courses to be taken, and the minimum credit count required for a master's degree

In the master's programs with dissertation, the student should successfully complete the course load of at least 21 (twenty one) credits (excluding the courses required under the scientific preparation program), as well as a seminar, and should defend her thesis successfully. The seminar and dissertation studies are no-credit courses and evaluated as either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Provided that they were not taken during the student’s undergraduate education, a maximum of two 4XX undergraduate courses can be taken by the student within the framework of the program.

The graduate courses offered within the framework of the Biomedical Engineering Master's Program are listed below. The specific courses to be offered in a given semester will be determined through the proposal of the Department Committee, and the Decision of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, at the beginning of each semester. The students can either take the courses stipulated in the curriculum, or other undergraduate or graduate courses offered by the relevant departments of the university or other universities, with the approval of the Biomedical Engineering Department, in order to meet their credit requirements. The number of courses which can be taken from outside the university will be set by the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences.

The students registered in the Master's Program are required to take enough courses to meet the 21 credits requirement. The students must meet this credit requirement within the time frame stipulated in the relevant regulation and directive, by taking required must and elective courses.

• FBE 600 Scientific Research Techniques and Publication Ethics (no credit - must)

Upon completing the course load, the students will be required to write a dissertation under the supervision of the advisor to be assigned board of directors of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences upon the proposal of the Department. The students who complete the program are awarded “Biomedical Engineering Master's Degree” diplomas.

The decision on which students are to be directed to the Scientific Preparation Program, and which courses are to be offered as must courses and electives rests with the Biomedical Engineering Department.

In case the information provided here contradicts with the announcements made by the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, the information provided by the latter shall have precedence. You can visit https://www.etu.edu.tr/tr/enstitu/fen-bilimleri-enstitusu/basvuru-bilgileri for detailed information.

Courses offered within the framework of the master’s program:

BMM-501 Fundamentals of Biomedical Engineering (3–0) 3

The course covers introduction to biomedical sciences and the concepts of engineering, biomaterials, bio-electricity (bio-electric events, biomedical systems and processes, biomedical signal and image processing, biomedical instrumentation, medical imaging modeling), biomechanics, biosensors, biomolecules (molecular structure, metabolic engineering, complex signalization and regulatory route analysis, molacular-scale genetic and biologic transformations, and the manupulation and medical applications of biomolecules), tissue engineering, pharmaceutical transfers and nano-medicine.

BMM-502 Fundamentals of Engineering Sciences (3–0) 3

The course covers conservation of mass and energy, transfer events, thermodynamics, mathematical foundations of physiological systems, time and frequency range review of physiological signals, principles of image processing.

BMM– 503 Biological Sciences (3–0) 3

The course will provide information on cell biology and physiology, biomolecules (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates), bio-energetics and metabolism, genetic materials, genetic information flow, bio-signalization, neural signalling and the structure of the nervous system, skeletal system, physiology of muscles, and cardio-vascular physiology.

BMM-504 Fonksiyonel Nörogörüntüleme (3-0) 3 

Human brain anatomy, cortical and subcortical structures, important sulci and gyri. Fundamentals of Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging, MR physics, MR signal generation, MR image generation, Contrast mechanisms (T1, T2, PD, T2*), Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI); Neuronal activity and hemodynamic activity, BOLD fMRI, Signal, noise concept and preprocessing in fMRI data, Experimental design and statistical analysis (General Linear Model) in fMRI, fMRI applications and advanced techniques. Fundamentals of Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). fNIRS system types, instrumentation, data analysis and advanced techniques. Fundamentals of Electroencephalography (EEG), EEG data analysis and advanced techniques.

BMM-505 Mathematics of Engineering (3–0) 3

The course covers differential equations, quick solutions to differential equations, Fourier series, Fourier transform and Fourier integral, partial differential equations, variable sorting and special functions such as Gamma, Bessel, and Laguerre, as well as their areas of use.

BMM-506 Digital Methods in Engineering (3–0) 3

The course will provide general information on digital methods and algorithms, and applied information on current topics such as diffusion, bioinformatics, molecular dynamics, and homology modeling, with a view to ensuring the adaptation of the students to this area of rapid development. This course will focus specifically on basic algorithm authoring/interpreting techniques, and the structural modeling of proteins.

BMM– 510  Advanced Topics in Medical Imaging

Basic concepts of medical imaging; signals and systems; imaging metrics; x-ray imaging systems: radiography and computer-assisted tomography; nuclear imaging: SPECT and PET, magnetic resonance, ultrasound imaging.

BMM– 511  Ultrasound Imaging

Acoustic wave dissonance, acoustic wave damping, acoustic converters, acoustic cluster creation, acoustic clusters and array creation, wave dispersion and imaging, tissue imaging, imaging systems, doppler ultrasound, non-linear effects and imaging, contrast agents, hyperthermia.

BMM– 512  Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MR physics, super-conductor magnets, MR hardware, software used for MR, MR coils, MR sequences, image creation methods with MR, processing MR images, the health effects of magnetic fields, fMRI and advanced topics.

BMM– 513  Processing of Audio Signals and Medical Practices

Generation and detection of sound; mathematical foundations of sound; coding of sound signals; time-domain analysis for sound signals; frequency-domain analysis for sound signals; wavelet transformation of sound signals; modifying the time-scale for speech signals; modifying the tone of speech signals; synthesis of speech signals; sound recognition algorithms; objective and subjective methods for assessing the quality of sound; human element in evaluating speech signals; analysis of the snoring sounds of sleep apnea patients and the review of snoring effectiveness; the impact of otorhinolaryngology operations on changing sound.

BMM– 514  Processing of Sleep Signals

Physiology of sleep, physiological signal development, stages of sleep, sleep apnea, classification of sleep signals, sleep laboratory and polysomnography records, EKG signals and processing, EEG signals and processing, emg signals and processing, processing of breathing and snoring signals, EOG signals and processing, analysis of oxygen saturation and change.

BMM– 521 Bioinformatics (3–0) 3

Introduction to the concepts and methods in the field of bioinformatics. Sequence and structure alignment, estimation of protein structures, protein folding, pretein-protein interaction, Monte-Carlo emulation and molecular dynamics.

BMM– 522  Biological Databases and Data Mining (3–0) 3

Introduction to database management systems (PostgresSQL) and statistics software (R). Introduction to different data types. Data mining and machine learning methods.

BMM– 530  Current Issues in Tissue Engineering (3–0) 3

Information will be provided on extracellular matrix and tissue architecture, analogues of extracellular matrix, cell-biomaterial interaction, bio-compatible materials and design thereof, tissue modeling, tissue replacement, tissue induction, cell transplantation, patents on tissue engineering and ethics, followed by a discussion of current practices.

BMM– 531 Advanced Topics in Hard Tissue Engineering (3–0) 3  

This course will venture into details of enhancing the bioactivity and biocompatibility of implants and prosthetic substrates often used in biomedical engineering practices, through modifications including but not limited to steam coating, abrasion, and nanotechnology elements.

BMM-540 Advanced Topics on Biomaterials (3–0) 3

This course will particularly focus on the biomaterials used to repair or replace soft and hard tissue, and in the design of medical devices. Within the framework of the course; The interactions of biomaterials with live tissue, and their behavior inside the body, along with biocompatibility and biodegradation will be discussed. The analysis of the breakdown and failure processes to arise through biological reaction to biomaterials will be investigated. The legal compatibility and performance requirements applicable to commercialization of biomaterials and medical devices will be discussed.

BMM– 541 Advanced Pharmaceutical Transfers (3-0) 3  

Barriers (blood-brain barrier etc.) which play a role in pharmaceutical transfers, and liposomes, micelle, polymeric and inorganic-based controlled and smart pharmaceutical transfer systems will be discussed. Furthermore, factors playing a major role in pharmaceutical design and the transfer of pharmaceuticals and genes using non-conventional methods will be reviewed within the framework of the course.

BMM– 542  Advanced Topics in Nano-medicine (3-0) 3  

The course will discuss theranostic nanotechnology applications, production processes for nano-carriers entailing engineering methods, the importance of nanotechnology applications in diagnostic systems, photodynamic therapy, and nanoagents which can be integrated with biomaterials.

BMM– 550  Advanced Biomechanics

The students who take the course will be introduced to advanced topics in biomechanics, on top of the foundations they have with respect to fundamental principles of biomechanics. The structure, components, and mechanical characteristics of the bone, the biological factors establishing such mechanical characteristics, the mineral density of the bones, the means to identify the mechanical characteristics, the mechanics of viscoelastic objects, and experimental biomechanics will be discussed during the course. Furthermore, soft-tissue mechanics, identification of soft-tissue characteristics, and the biological factors affecting these characteristics are also covered by the course.

BMM– 551 Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine

Physical characteristics and functional biomechanics of the spine. Kinematics of the spine. Biomechanics of scoliosis Biomechanics of kyphosis Biomechanics of spinal trauma Instability problems in human spine. Cervical and thoracic problems. Lombral and sacral problems. Clinical biomechanics of spinal pains. Functional analysis and clinical application of spine connections. Biomechanical assessment of the surgical management of spinal phenomena. Mechanical analysis of spinal osteotomies.

BMM– 560  Bioinformatics (3–0) 3

The course covers a number of issues concerning the implementation of information technologies in medical services and medical institutions. Also investigated are the gathering, conversion, and machine-readable storage of data. Medical systems will be investigated from a number of distinct perspectives. The effects of electronic medical records, and the mobile considerations in medical service systems are also covered.

BMM- 561 Database Management System for Health Services (3–0) 3

The design of databases to be used in medical services, database architectures, normalization techniques, forms of file and access, query and update languages, data integrity, use of medical record systems and database applications to support medical service systems.

BMM– 570  Nanobiosensors (3–0) 3

Definitions. Mechanisms of interaction between analytes-biomolecules, signal types, converter types, preparation of biosensor surfaces, immobilization mechanisms, preparation of the discerning layer, discerning layer - converter integration, performance parameters of biosensors, applications and areas of potential research.

BMM– 580  Advanced Biochemistry (3–0) 3

Fundamentals of proteins, carbohydrates and glicobiology, lipids, biological membranes and transfers, nucleic acids, biosignalization, bioenergetics and metabolism (carbohydrate, fat and protein mechanisms) will be discussed along with examples concerning medicine and health.

BMM– 581  Advanced Molecular Biology and Genetics (3–0) 3

The course will provide information on the structure and replication of DNA, genetic mutations, eukaryotic gene and chromosome structure, transcriptional and post-transcription checks of gene expression, epigenetics and isolation and imaging of DNA, DNA sequence analysis, PCR, DNA fingerprint, and the techniques to identify mutation and polymorphism.

BMM– 582  Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology (3–0) 3

The course will discuss the relationship between the drug and the receptor, dosage-response link, means of intake for toxic materials, factors affecting toxic response, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, the role of the enzymes in the metabolism of drugs, pharmacogenetics, phases of drug development, toxicity tests, genotoxic effect, and teratogenity, along with examples of toxicity.

BMM– 583  Transfers in Biological Systems (3–0) 3

Momentum Transfer: Viscosity and Newton’s Law, Continuity, Movement and Mechanical Energy Equations. Energy Transfer: Heat Conductivity and Fourier’s Law. Energy Equivalency. Mass Transfer: Diffusivity and Fick’s Law. Dual and Multi-Component Systems. The application of Momentum, Energy and Mass Transfer Equations on biological systems.

BMM– 584  Chemical Reaction Engineering and Modeling (3–0) 3

The importance of change and kinetics in atomic and molecular structures, types of reactions, parallel and serial reactions, the impact of parameters, the concept of retention period and its association with kinetic factors, introduction to reactor design, steady state equations, 0, 1, 2 and other kinetic levels, non-steady state equations, ideal comparative systems, serial systems and feedback, ideal immiscible systems, mathematical CSTR-PF simulation, serial and parallel uses of PF-CSTR and optimization. Reactors Containing Free and Arrested Enzymes.

BMM-596 Special Topics

This course is dedicated to the theoretical studies and applied work on topics Master’s Students choose in fields requiring specialization. The courses are offered by faculty members specializing on that field.

BMM– 597 Seminar

The seminars offered by graduate students, on their own study and research fields. These courses can be taken with credits for just once. However, the graduate students are required to be enrolled in these courses throughout all semesters of enrollment in the Biomedical Engineering Master's Program, albeit on a non-credit basis.

Admission requirements

a) Diplomas and Tests:

Only those who hold a bachelor’s degree or a master’s degree can apply for the Biomedical Engineering Ph.D. Program. The following four groups of students can apply for the Biomedical Engineering Ph.D program, on the basis of the bachelor’s degree:

1. 1st Group: Graduates of Biomedical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Food Engineering, Environment Engineering, and Bio-Engineering departments at Faculties of Engineering.
2. 2nd Group: Graduates of Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Statistics departments at the Faculties of Science.
3. 3rd Group: Graduates of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology departments at the Faculties of Education.
4. 4th Group: Graduates of Schools of Medicine, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dentistry, and Veterinary Medicine at universities.

Furthermore, the program also accepts students who hold degrees from other disciplines, which allows transition to the Biomedical Engineering Ph.D. Program. The departments the graduates of which are admissible to the program will be specified at the beginning of each semester, with the approval of the faculty members of the department, the proposal of the department chair, and the decision of the Board of Directors of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences.

Additionally, those who hold a master’s degree in engineering, as well as those who hold a master’s degree in basic sciences –provided that the latter group successfully completes the scientific preparation courses– can also apply for the Biomedical Engineering Ph.D program.

The applicants who will apply on the basis of the bachelor’s degree should have a cumulative grade point average of at least 3 (75) over a maximum of 4 (100) in their undergraduate studies. The applicants who will apply on the basis of the master’s degree should have a cumulative grade point average of at least 3 (75) over a maximum of 4 (100) in their master’s studies. For applicants who apply on the basis of a master’s degree to be admitted on scholarship, they will be required to have achieved a cumulative grade point average of at least 3 (75) over a maximum of 4 (100) during their undergraduate studies, on top of the requirement noted above. The students should have scored at least 55 (70 for those applying on the basis of a bachelor’s degree) standard points in the applicable score type of the program applied for, in Academic Graduate Education Entrance Exam (ALES) held by Assessment, Selection and Placement Center (ÖSYM). For admission on scholarship, a minimum ALES score of at least 85 will be required. International GRE (Graduate Record Examinations) and GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) scores are also acceptable as replacements for ALES scores. However, such scores should meet the minimum score levels announced by the Council of Higher Education as equivalents of ALES scores. These score levels can be increased through a decision of the Board of Directors of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. The students will be required to have received a score of at least 55 over a scale of 100 in the Inter-University Foreign Language Exam (UDS) or Government Personnel Foreign Language Proficiency Exam (KPDS), or the foreign language proficiency exam applied by the university; or an an equivalent score on internationally recognized TOEFL and IELTS exams, and to submit the score certificate at the time of submitting application. For admission on scholarship, a minimum foreign language proficiency score of at least 75 will be required in the abovementioned exams. The applicants will be required to have received UDS and KPDS equivalent scores in the exams noted above with respect to their international applicability, and to submit the results certificates of the exams at the time of filing application.

b) Interviews

During the admissions process, the prospective students are evaluated through an interview. The interviews are conducted by juries. The interview juries are composed of at least three original and two substitute members proposed by the department chair from among faculty members, and approved through a decision by the board of directors of the graduate school. The procedures will be executed by the department chair and the Director of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences.

c) Evaluation

A candidate who applied for the program and who was interviewed will be assigned a total score through the assessment process. The performance of the candidate is established on the basis of her overall score. The procedure for the assignment of the total score will be executed by the department chair and the Director of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. The board of directors of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences then decides on the principal and substitute candidates admitted into the program on the basis of the quota of the program and the overall scores the candidates got.

d) Special Student

The admission of students on full or partial scholarship, or with tuition shall be based on the principles specified in TOBB ETÜ Graduate Studies and Exams Regulation and Graduate Scholarship Students Directive.

The must and elective courses to be taken, and the minimum credit count required for a Ph.D.:

The Ph.D. program requires the writing of a thesis. To get a Ph.D., the students who applied on the basis of a master’s degree should successfully complete at least 21 (twenty-one) credits worth of courses, while those who applied on the basis of a bachelor’s degree should complete at least 42 (forty-two) credits worth of courses, excluding the courses required under the scientific preparation program, and should complete a seminar as well as defend the thesis written. The seminar and dissertation studies are no-credit courses and evaluated as either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. The students registered in the Ph.D. program must meet this credit requirement within the time frame stipulated in the relevant regulation and directive, by taking required must and elective courses.

• FBE 600 Scientific Research Techniques and Publication Ethics (no credit - must)

The graduate courses offered within the framework of the Biomedical Engineering Ph.D. Program are listed below. The specific courses to be offered in a given semester will be determined through the proposal of the Department Committee, and the Decision of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, at the beginning of each semester. The students can either take the courses stipulated in the curriculum, or other undergraduate or graduate courses offered by the relevant departments of the university or other universities, with the approval of the Biomedical Engineering Department, in order to meet their credit requirements. The number of courses which can be taken from outside the university will be set by the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences.

Upon completing the course load, the students will be required to write a dissertation under the supervision of the advisor to be assigned board of directors of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences upon the proposal of the Department. The students who complete the program are awarded “Biomedical Engineering Ph.D.” diplomas.

The decision on which students are to be directed to the Scientific Preparation Program, and which courses are to be offered as must courses and electives rests with the Biomedical Engineering Department.

In case the information provided here contradicts with the announcements made by the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, the information provided by the latter shall have precedence. You can visit https://www.etu.edu.tr/tr/enstitu/fen-bilimleri-enstitusu/basvuru-bilgileri for detailed information.

The courses offered for the Ph.D. program:

BMM- 642 Applied Plasma Processes for Biomedical Engineering (3-0)3

Surface characteristics of materials, parameters affecting the interaction of biological component materials, surface modification methods, plasma technology, low-pressure, atmospheric pressure and gliding arc-type plasma processes, critical issues in plasma process, and recommendations for target-specific special procedures.

BMM 6XX Fundamentals of Computed Axial Tomography (CAT) Systems (3-0) 3

This course will discuss the basic components of CAT systems, the structure of the X-ray tube and high voltage generator, Gantry, command console and the patient bed, CAT generations, multi-section CAT and detector structure, multi-dimension signals and two-dimension Fourier Transformation, mathematical foundations of section image development algorithms with CAT, Iterative Methods, Analytical Methods, Back Projection, Folding-Back Projection Methods, Cone Beam CAT, Optical Coherence Tomography, Processing of CAT images, Assessment of three-dimensional tumor volume using CAT images, current software used for CAT, factors affecting image quality in CAT.

BMM 6XX  Biomaterial Production Methods (3-0) 3

The course provides an extended perspective on the biomaterial production techniques, to cover next generation biomaterial practices. Any category of materials, including polymers, ceramics, metals, composites, cells, and tissues are covered in the course. Special production on a case-by-case basis, and the potential benefits and disadvantages of this method will also be discussed.

BMM 6XX Mechanics of Biomaterials: Basic Principles of Implant Design (3-0) 3

The course will discuss mechanical and structural biomaterial concepts for successful medical implant design. The topics can be divided into three groups: material, mechanics, and case studies. In essence, sterilization, bio-compatibility, and the reactions of the body in the face of alien elements will be presented, with special emphasis on the fundamental structures of synthetic biomaterials and natural tissues. Thereafter, theories covering the mechanical behavior of the materials, elastic deformation, viscoelasticity and time-dependent behavior, multi-axial loading and complex cases of stress will be produced, leading to in-depth discussion of failure and break mechanics. The last section on the clinical aspects of medical devices, in turn, will lead to case studies for the following four basic clinical areas: orthopedics, cardio-vascular devices, dentistry and soft-tissue implants.

BMM-6XX Advanced Cytoskeleton Design (3-0) 3

The course will focus on the determination of the characteristics of cytoskeletons specific to the tissue, as well as their design, characterization, and applications within the wider framework of tissue engineering.

BMM-6XX Tissue Interfaces and Regeneration (3-0) 3

Tissue-tissue interfaces are anatomically very complex structures. Their regeneration, in turn, requires equally advanced perspectives. Within the framework of the course, soft-hard, hard-hard, and soft-soft tissue interfaces found frequently around the body will be reviewed, followed by the development of proposed solutions to facilitate their regeneration, taking the chemical, biological, and biomechanical characteristics thereof.

BMM-6XX Polymer Process for Biomedical Engineering Applications (3-0) 3

First, the polymer process will be discussed in general, followed by a venture into the field of biomedical engineering, concluding with a review of the process techniques frequently employed there, such as extrusions etc.

BMM-6XX Digital Biochemistry (3-0) 3

Information on concentration and dilution assessments, water, acit-base balance, pH, absorbers, bioenergetics, thermodynamics, enzyme kinetics and inhibition, and redox potentials will be provided.

BMM-6XX Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (3-0) 3

The course will provide information on the preparation and production of proteins and peptide medicine, production processes, upstream and downstream processes, pharmaceutical development processes, biological agents, vaccines, gene cloning, vectors, hosts, and the types of bioreactors, followed by a discussion of published studies on these topics.

BMM-6XX Molecular Genetics of Humans (3-0) 3

The course will provide information on inheritance characteristics and heredity patterns, examples of normal and multi-gene inheritance, cytogenetic laboratory methods, autosomal chromozomes and autosomal chromosome diseases, gonosomal chromosomes and related diseases, hereditary metabolic diseases, cancer and genetics, genetic diagnosis, genetic variation, mitochondrial genetics epigenetics, gene therapy and ethics, followed by a discussion of published studies on these topics.

BMM-6XX Biology of Cancer (3-0) 3

The course will provide information on cell reproduction, reproduction cycle and control mechanisms, programmed cell death, cellular oncogenes, tumour viruses, mutations and DNA repair mechanisms, growth factors, tumor markers, invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, the role of viral-chemical-physical agents in the growth of cancer, followed by a discussion of published studies on these topics.

BMM-6XX Membrane Applications in Biotechnology (3-0) 3

Membrane science is widely applied in biotechnology. Within the framework of this course, enantioselection and facility transport among these applications, purification applications and the development of smart membrane systems, biocatalyzer applications, development of protein/DNA/pharmaceutical nanostructures among the membrane patterns, and the use of membaranes for pharmaceutical transfers will be discussed.

BMM-6XX Ultrasound Imaging and Therapy Applications (3–0) 3

The course will go over the basic principles of ultrasound imaging and the acoustic characteristics of tissues, the transducer structures, cluster formation, and clinical practices. Furthermore, a discussion of the ultrasound’s thermal and mechanical impact on the tissues, as well as the assessment of such impacts, and related procedures will be discussed.

BMM-6XX Sensors and Stimulants (3–0) 3

The course covers the operating principles of the basic sensors and stimulants used in the field of biomedical, as well as production methods and the design of relevant electronic sensor and drive circuits.

BMM– 6XX Mathematics of Engineering (3–0) 3

The course will basically cover Probability Theory, Linear Algebra, Common and partial differential equations, and Laplace and Fourier Transformations.

BMM– 6XX Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics (3–0) 3

The course will present the thermodynamic review of macroscopic systems, combination of such a review with statistical mechanics at the molecular level, and will try to develop an understanding chemical and biochemical processes about biological macromolecules.

BMM-6XX Chemistry and Technologies of Proteins (3-0) 3

The course will discuss the structures, conformation, purification, identification, and structural analyses of protein, as well as the use of biotechology methods for the production of proteins and enzymes, along with their use in industry and medicine.

BMM-6XX Molecular Biology of Cancer (3-0) 3

General characteristics of transformed - cancer cell, model systems used in the study of cancer cells, cell cycles and their control: division, transformation and apoptosis, molecules playing a role in cell cycles and their control, fundamental mechanisms which play a role in the development and growth of the tumor; oncogene activation, tumor suppressor gene activation. The importance of micro-environment for the cancer cell. Structure and characteristics of oncogene products - activation mechanisms. Mutations and chemical carcinogenes; DNA repair mechanisms and cancer. Chromosomal change in cancer; the use of cancer’s cytogenetics for diagnosis and monitoring; viral carcinogenesis - oncogenic viruses; retro-viruses and oncogenesis. Tumour suppressor genes - structure and functions of protein products; loss of heterozygous character (LOH), predisposition to cancer and the concept of hereditary cancer. Apoptosis  and the role of cancer apoptosis in the etiology and treatment of cancer; the concept of multi-step carcinogenesis - molecular biology perspectives in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of cancer, tumor markers, targeted treatment options.

BMM-6XX Introduction to Molecular Biology (3–0) 3

The characteristics of the sub-components of DNA (bases, sugars and nucleotide structures), types of DNA, DNA replication mechanisms, definition of the origin of DNA replication in procaryotic and eucaryotic cells, characteristics and regulation of the replication complex, DNA packaging, characteristics of centromere and telomere structures. The concepts of gene and genome, anatomy of genomes, characteristics of interphase and mitotic chromosomes, functionally identical and similar genes, conflicting genes, inter-gene genes, “pseudegenes”, DNA repetition sequences and the general characteristics of moving elements. Mutations: their classification, occurrence mechanisms, and phenotype reflections. Information flow in genetics: gene expression RNA types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, hnRNA etc. Transcription: Transctiption of Type I, II, and III genes; chromatine structure and the impact of nucleosome position, starting complex and promotor sequences, the role of general transcription factors, RNA types and processing: Coding and non-coding RNAs, “capping”, poliadenilation and chemical modification. Protein synthesis and processing: The characteristics of genetic code, start, extension and end of translation, newly synthesized protein’s acquisition of a function. Regulation of gene activation: The response of the cell to external stimulants, temporary and permanent changes in genome activities (DNA rearrangement, change of chromatine structure etc.).

BMM-6XX Molecular Biological Foundations of Cell Treatment (3–0) 3

Definition of stem cell, embryonic stem cells, isolation, surface markers and genes of stem cells, the concept of totipotent cell. Fetal and mature stem cells: isolation and descriptions. The concept of plasticity. Differentiation of stem cells; in-vitro conditions and required factors, transdifferentiation. Mechanisms and examples. The importance of the ‘niche’ concept concerning the tissues. Regenerative medicine, therapeutic cloning and tissue engineering will be discussed as new forms of treatment. The identification of stem cells in mature tissues; stem cells of the central nervous system, pancreas, liver and the hematopetic system, tissue degeneration and use of stem cells in regenerative medicine, examples of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, stem cells of the bone marrow and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation and plasticity. Bioethics, legal issues and concepts.

BMM-6XX Methods of Genome Analysis (3–0) 3

Definition of cloning vectors, plasmid, phage and cosmide vectors for bacteria systems, YAC (Yeast Artificial Chromosomes) as an example of high-capacity vectors, cell transfection methods, expression of cloned genes in eucaryotic cells. Fundamentals of in-vivo cloning methods: Vectors used; viral, non-viral vector systems. In-vitro cloning methods: PCR technology and its applications. Hybridization methods: Blotting, probe production and marking methods, the reasons to use hybridization methods. Gene expression analyses: N. Blot, RT-PCR, semi quantitative RT- PCR and quantitative RT-PCR methods and their areas of use. Gene sequencing and array systems: Examples of large scale technologies; sequencing methods, automatic genome sequencing, microarray systems. Gene expression analyses and SNP analyses in array systems. Protein array systems Examples of applications. Human Genome Project. The application of its results in medicine and genome science. Development of genetic tests for the diagnosis of hereditary diseases, and examples of applications. The reflection of cloning methods on gene therapy.

BMM-6XX Hystological Structures of Tissues (2-1) 3

The course will provide a detailed picture of the hystological structures of epitelium, connective tissue, cartilage, bone, muscle, nerve and skin tissues, followed by an emphasis on the relationship between the structure and function. The topics covered on a theoretical framework will be further reviewed under light microscobe.

BMM-6XX Special Topics

This course is dedicated to the theoretical studies and applied work on topics Master’s Students choose in fields requiring specialization. The courses are offered by faculty members specializing on that field.

BMM– XXX Seminar 

BMM– XXX Ph.D. Thesis